WATERFALL

WATERFALL
('sign: samsuir husaini, sp)

Waterfalls are commonly formed when a river is young. At these times the channel is often narrow and deep. When the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed. Whirlpools created in the turbulence as well as sand and stones carried by the watercourse increase the erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one and half meters per year.

Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool or gorge.

Streams become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom. Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed. In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by earthquakes or mudslides or volcanoes can cause a differential in land heights which interfere with the natural course of a water flow, and result in waterfalls.

A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a glacial trough, whereby a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a hanging valley. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other. Waterfalls can be grouped into ten broad classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall (which depends on both the waterfall's average flow and its height) using a logarithmic scale. 

                
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SEE ALSO,

- ROAD TO MONTH (JALAN KE BULAN)
- IMAGE CAMPAIGN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (GAMBAR  LINGKUNGAN)
- BLINK OF AN EYE MONALISA (KEDIPAN MONALISA)
- ENERGY CRISIS IS THE CAUSE OF LIFE CRISIS (ENERGI, PENYEBAB KRISIS KEHIDUPAN)
- THE POWER OF LIFE
- EARTH AND SUN (BUMI DAN MATAHARI)
- FUTURE OF THE EARTH
- AESTHETICS AND BEAUTY
- PROFIL, LOGO, SEMBOYAN DAN KEGIATAN LSM GREENNUSA
- PROFIT AND LOSS OF OIL PALM (UNTUNG RUGI PENGEMBANGAN KELAPA SAWIT)
- MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVES
- INFO: THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES (INFO: POLUSI KENDERAAN)
- NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
- FULL MOON (PURNAMA)         

PETITION TO LIFE

PETITION

(No. 001-PETISI/GRN-LKG/IX/2011)

Issues

Currently the human relationship with the earth as it lasts the life support is not harmonious. Environmental conditions are not maintained and well maintained as well as the utilization and exploitation of natural resources that do not account for the preservation of the environment causing environmental damage (environmental issues) is getting heavier. The more complex problem because the world population is also increasing. If all the variables and variable increase in environmental problems associated with population growth prospects variable rate system earth's ability to support life, then it can be predicted that in the near future condition of the earth will not be able to no longer support human life.

Although environmental issues (environmental issues) has been in an alarming stage (emergency), but leaders from both government agencies and non-governmental organizations that actually can act to fix it because they are essentially 'top managers' managers of the earth. However, the leaders, both from the politicians, businessmen, bureaucrats, technocrats, scientists, artists and religious leaders have been preoccupied by the respective profession so that all policies that do not almost always favor the environment (environmentalism). For those activities and policies on environmental issues is not prospective for the future and career; desires and demands of environmentalism is not always contrary to the request (demand) the current system of human civilization (?).

Purpose

Conserve the environment to save mankind from the threat of environmental problems of crisis.

Petition

1. Environmental destruction by various causes and by various groups should be stopped immediately, and immediately improve the environment that have been already damaged.

2.  Every organization, whether governmental or non-government must allocate funds to repair and maintain / preserve the environment of at least 10 (ten) percent of the total annual budget and all activities and policies the organization must not conflict with the needs and preserving the environment.

3.  Each induvidu which has grown to be given an understanding of environmental issues through education flash (training) or upgrading by the government.

4. Immediately establish a Court of Regional Institutions, Regional, State and International specifically address issues relating to crimes against the environment.

5.  Activities and policies by the various parties that opposed the petition Point 1, 2, 3 above should be categorized as a serious crime.

Thus, we hereby petition, to be understood and implemented in order to save mankind from extinction due to environmental crisis.

This petition is open to changes in context of refining. Feedback and input for improvement of this petition can be submitted via change.org or to our comment column on the website: http://greennusa.blogspot.com/

Created on : Gampong Padang

On Date      : September 29, 2011

          LSM GREENNUSA

		REPLANT: Tanami kembali lahan tandus dan hutan yang telah gundul.
		REDUCE: Kurangi penggunaan bahan-bahan yang dapat merusak lingkungan.
		REUSE: Gunakan kembali barang bekas yang masih layak pakai.
		RECYCLE: Daur ulang barang bekas menjadi produk baru.

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